Biodiesel is a clean fuel produced from recyclable materials such as plant and animal fats used as catalyst. This present study is intended to use animal waste as feedstocks (raw material) to produce biodiesel. The biodiesel production reaction is an esterification reaction in which variables such as reaction time, used solvent. Also, catalysts play a significant role in the intrinsic properties of fuel and the efficiency of the product. In this research study, Calcinated eggshell was selected as a catalyst and ethanol as solvent. Biodiesel has been extracted using the substances mentioned above in one phase. The given optimal conditions include 5 h period, the amount of catalyst (4.5 g), and the quantity of solvent (13.91 mL). The produced sample was derived under conditions with the maximum quantity and physical properties, including cloud point and pour point, viscosity, and density in respective of producing biodiesel fuels from other materials. The results revealed reduction of properties at cloud point and pour point.

Biodiesel is a clean fuel produced from recyclable materials such as plant and animal fats used as catalyst. This present study is intended to use animal waste as feedstocks (raw material) to produce biodiesel. The biodiesel production reaction is an esterification reaction in which variables such as reaction time, used solvent. Also, catalysts play a significant role in the intrinsic properties of fuel and the efficiency of the product. In this research study, Calcinated eggshell was selected as a catalyst and ethanol as solvent. Biodiesel has been extracted using the substances mentioned above in one phase. The given optimal conditions include 5 h period, the amount of catalyst (4.5 g), and the quantity of solvent (13.91 mL). The produced sample was derived under conditions with the maximum quantity and physical properties, including cloud point and pour point, viscosity, and density in respective of producing biodiesel fuels from other materials. The results revealed reduction of properties at cloud point and pour point.

Thick films of Calcinated and non Calcinated nanobioglass(NBG)-titania nanocomposite coatings were prepared on stainless steel substrates using an alkoxide sol-gel process. The prepared films were characterized by TEM, SEM, EDS, XRD and other methods. The composite films obtained from Calcinated NBG particles were compared to the films obtained from non Calcinated NBG particles. Here, we present a comparative study on the mechanical and adhesion properties of two types of film (TiO2- Calcinated NBG and TiO2-non Calcinated NBG). The prepared thick films were smooth and free of macro cracking, fracture or aking. The grain size of these films was uniform and its nano scale confirmed using a TEM microscope. Adhesion tests were carried out according to the ASTM-D-3359-97 standard. The results showed that both Calcinated and non Calcinated NBG-titania films have very good adhesion properties. The hardness of the prepared films (TiO2-Calcinated NBG and TiO2-non Calcinated NBG) was compared by using a micro hardness test method. The results verified that the presence of Calcinated NBG particles in a NBG-titania composite gradually enhanced the mechanical data of the prepared films.

eggshell was found to be a versatile heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of pyrano [3, 2-c] quinoline derivatives in good yields. This protocol has the advantages of environmental friendliness, short reaction time, low cost and convenient operation.

In this report, the synthesis, characterization, and application of the eggshell-supported-Cu (II) salophen complex, as a novel and heterogeneous catalyst, is described. The catalyst is characterized by the UV, XRD, FT-IR, and SEM techniques. The eggshell-supported-Cu (II) salophen complex is a versatile, green, inexpensive, and simple catalyst used for the multicomponent reactions (MCRs) of terminal alkynes, aldehydes, and secondary amines to give the corresponding propargylamines at 80oC under the solvent-free conditions. The proposed methodology offers several advantages such as excellent product yield, simple procedure, and mild conditions. On the other hand, the synthesized catalyst could be removed from the reaction mixture by simple filtration and reused for up to six runs.

The global appeal of biofuels is increasing due to rising energy demands and the depletion of fossil fuel resources. Biodiesel stands out as a promising alternative to petroleum diesel, offering a cleaner energy solution. This study addresses key challenges associated with biodiesel, such as reduced calorific value, high nitrous oxide emissions, and production costs, as well as the environmental impact of petroleum diesel, including global warming.This research focuses on the development of a novel biobased catalyst derived from palm kernel shell and eggshell. The carbon-based biomass, primarily waste palm kernel shell, was pyrolyzed to produce the catalyst. Characterization of the catalyst was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The catalyst was synthesized via the incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) technique, resulting in a bifunctional catalyst suitable for the transesterification process.The catalyst demonstrated high efficiency in the transesterification process for biodiesel production. Optimal conditions yielded an 88.14% biodiesel conversion at an oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 1:14, catalyst loading of 5 wt.%, reaction temperature of 70°C, and reaction time of 99.244 minutes. The synthesized biodiesel met the ASTM D6751 standards as specified by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

In the past, the inspection of cracks on eggshell was typically conducted in the industry by floodlighting, however, it gives eye fatigue, makes misjudgment and is not easy to detect hairline crack. Recent research into the automation of the detection of eggshell cracks is focused both on optical and mechanical detection principles. In this study eggs were excited by a light mechanical impact on different locations of the eggshell and vibrational frequency response of the eggshell combined with pattern recognition was attempted to differentiate intact egg and cracked egg. The pattern recognition was conducted by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The optimal number of principal components was obtained 7 according to maximum error for predictive model and high discrimination between intact and cracked eggs. The result was found that the vibrational impulse response method distinguish intact egg and cracked egg with the level of 100% and 87.5% accuracy, respectively.

An efficient and eco-friendly method has been developed for the synthesis of 1, 4-disubstituted 1, 2, 3-triazoles using the eggshell-supported-Cu(I) metformin complexas a natural and heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst prepared is characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, and ICP techniques. Terminal alkynes were successfully reacted with alkyl chloride and sodium azide in the presence of CuI immobilized on eggshell in water at room temperature. This method offers many advantages such as short reaction times, low cost, use of a reusable catalyst, and simple purification procedures. Moreover, the catalyst could be recovered and recycled four times.

eggshell waste is considered the most abundant waste material from food processing technologies. Despite the freakish features that its components possess, it is very often discarded without further application. Nowadays, most researchers are focusing their research on pollution-free environment, biodegradable character, and balanced ecological aspects while fabricating the composite materials rather than mechanical strengths, costs, and processing methodologies. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the eggshell nanoparticles on the enhanced treatment of a bone fracture. The samples included 10 healthy female New Zealand white rabbits with an average body weight of 3 kg and age of 4 months years old. The animals were kept in an open place. All these ten rabbits had a fracture by making a surgical operation conducted by opening and excluding the muscle and anther tissue, followed by cutting the bone using a special small saw. After the operational step, the animals were divided into two groups (n=5). The fractures were checked by X-ray. The negative control group was left without treatment, however, was given 0. 2 mL intraperitoneal saline injection weekly. The experimental group underwent treatment with 200 mg/kg of calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CaCO3-NPs) for 4 weeks. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the study period to collect organs for histological studies. Considering the results of the radiographic examination before and after treatment with CaCO3-NPs, the recorded data showed the speed of healing in the experimental group, compared to the control group. Regarding the histological study that was carried out on the vital organs, such as the liver, kidneys, heart, and lung, no side effects appeared when comparing the treatment group with the control group, except for some slight changes. In conclusion, the recorded data in the current study demonstrated that CaCO3-NPs had a beneficial effect on the pace of fracture recovery.